Cluster: Socialisation
Measure
The measure is a further development of the CREDs measure used by Lanman & Buhrmester (2017).
Modifications
The CRED measures that we use vary across the countries within our survey. Specifically we have different questions for the historically Christian nations (Brazil, Denmark, United States, United Kingdom), Japan, and China. As such the following sections are split into these 3 variants
Implementation
The CRED measures that we use vary across the countries within our survey, as such the following sections are subset by nation. Specifically we have different questions for the historically Christian nations (Brazil, Denmark, United Kingdom, United States), Japan, and China.
Question wording
Brazil, Denmark, United Kingdom, United States
| intro |
The following questions ask about experiences during your upbringing that relate to God. |
| cred_01 - cred_06 |
These questions ask about your perceptions of your primary caregiver or caregivers (i.e., parents or guardians). Please answer each of the following according to your overall impression of your caregiver(s) on the following scale: |
| cred_07 |
Stand alone question |
| cred_26 - cred_31 |
These questions ask about your perceptions of your local area growing up (i.e., hometown, school). Please answer each of the following according to your overall impression of your caregiver(s) on the following scale: |
China
| intro |
The following questions ask about experiences during your upbringing that relate to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明. |
| cred_01 - cred_06 |
Specifically, the questions ask about your perceptions of your primary caregiver or caregivers (i.e., parents or guardians). Please answer each of the following according to your overall impression of your caregiver(s) on the following scale: |
| cred_07 |
Stand alone question |
| cred_26 - cred_31 |
These questions ask about your perceptions of your local area growing up (i.e., hometown, school). Please answer each of the following according to your overall impression of your caregiver(s) on the following scale: |
Japan
| intro |
The following questions ask about experiences during your upbringing that relate to [God/gods]. |
| cred_01 - cred_06 |
These questions ask about your perceptions of your primary caregiver or caregivers (i.e., parents or guardians). Please answer each of the following according to your overall impression of your caregiver(s) on the following scale: |
| cred_07 |
Stand alone question |
| cred_26 - cred_31 |
These questions ask about your perceptions of your local area growing up (i.e., hometown, school). Please answer each of the following according to your overall impression of your caregiver(s) on the following scale: |
Items
Brazil, Denmark, United Kingdom, United States
The question items were as follows:
| cred_01 |
To what extent did your caregivers visit places sacred to God (e.g. temple, church, synagogue, mosque)? |
extent |
| cred_02 |
To what extent did your caregivers engage in volunteer/charity work associated with their devotion to God. (e.g. Habitat for humanity, Salvation Army, Catholic Relief Services, local religious charities)? |
extent |
| cred_03 |
To what extent did your caregivers give financial donations to Godly causes (e.g. to churches,emples, mosques, charities, etc.)? |
extent |
| cred_04 |
To what extent did your caregivers make personal sacrifices as part of their devotion to God (e.g. fasting, abstaining from alcohol and caffeine, giving away wealth, etc.)? |
extent |
| cred_05 |
To what extent did your caregivers perform acts of devotion to God in the home (e.g. Bible readings, visible prayer, etc.)? |
extent |
| cred_06 |
To what extent do you think their devotion to God influenced important decisions in their lives (e.g. marriage, divorce, moving, changing jobs, having children, etc.)? |
extent |
| cred_32 |
How sincere did you feel your caregivers were in their devotion to God? |
sincerity |
| cred_07 |
Did you attend or participate in any groups devoted to God] you were growing up? (e.g. churches, religious organisations, camps, etc.)
If yes, you will have the ability to answer for 2 different groups below. |
yes/no |
| cred_08 |
Please name/describe the first group |
open |
| cred_09 |
Did this group have leadership figures such as priests, pastors, imams, head counsellors, rabbis, gurus, etc.? |
yes/no |
| cred_10 |
How sincere did you feel the leaders of this group were in their devotion to God? |
sincerity |
| cred_11 |
To what extent did the leaders of this group make personal sacrifices as part of their devotion to God? (e.g. fasting, celibacy, abstaining from alcohol and/or caffeine) |
extent |
| cred_12 |
How sincere did you feel the members of this group were in their devotion to God? |
sincerity |
| cred_13 |
To what extent did members of this group engage in charitable work together? |
extent |
| cred_14 |
To what extent did members of this group express emotion during group gatherings? |
extent |
| cred_15 |
How often did members of this group appear to be in altered states of consciousness such as speaking in tongues, trance, or possession? |
frequency |
| cred_16 |
To what extent would members of this group wear particular clothes or clothing styles? |
extent |
| cred_17 - 25 |
REPEAT CRED 08 - 16 |
- |
| cred_26 |
What percentage of people in your hometown/city do you think believed in God? |
percentage |
| cred_27 |
To what extent did believers in God in your hometown demonstrate their beliefs in everyday life? |
extent |
| cred_28 |
How sincere did you feel the believers in God in your hometown were in their devotion to God? |
sincerity |
| cred_29 |
What percentage of people in your high school do you think believed in God? |
percentage |
| cred_30 |
To what extent did the believers in God in your high school demonstrate their beliefs in everyday life? |
extent |
| cred_31 |
How sincere did you feel the believers in God in your high school were in their devotion to God? |
sincerity |
China
The question items were as follows:
| cred_01 |
To what extent did your caregivers visit places sacred to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 (e.g. temple, church, shrine). |
extent |
| cred_02 |
To what extent did your caregivers engage in volunteer/charity work associated with their devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明. (e.g. helping organize events or charity activities at a local temple or under the direction of spiritual figures). |
extent |
| cred_03 |
To what extent did your caregivers make financial donations or give costly gifts to divine causes (e.g. to temples, shrines, churches, charities, festivals, or spiritual teachers)? |
extent |
| cred_04 |
To what extent did your caregivers make personal sacrifices as part of their devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 (e.g. fasting, abstaining from sex, conducting preliminary practices, spending lots of time preparing for festivals or pilgrimages). |
extent |
| cred_05 |
To what extent did your caregivers perform acts of devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 in the home (e.g. maintain a household shrine, chanting, reading sutras out loud, making prostrations, etc.) |
extent |
| cred_06 |
To what extent do you think their devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 influenced important decisions in their lives? (e.g. marriage, divorce, moving, changing jobs, having children, etc.) |
extent |
| cred_07 |
Did you attend or participate in any groups devoted to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 while you were growing up? (e.g. [churches, religious/cultural organisations, camps], etc.)
If yes, you will have the ability to answer for 2 different groups below. |
yes/no |
| cred_08 |
Please name and describe the first group. |
open |
| cred_09 |
Did this group have leadership figures such as priests, pastors, spiritual teachers, imams, gurus, etc.? |
yes/no |
| cred_10 |
How sincere did you feel the leaders of this group were in their devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明? |
sincerity |
| cred_11 |
To what extent did the leaders of this group make personal sacrifices as part of their devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 (e.g. fasting, celibacy, voluntary poverty, withdrawal from society)? |
extent |
| cred_12 |
How sincere did you feel the members of this group were in their devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明? |
sincerity |
| cred_13 |
To what extent did members of this group engage in charitable work together? |
extent |
| cred_14 |
To what extent did members of this group express emotion during group gatherings? |
extent |
| cred_15 |
How often did members of this group appear to be in altered states of consciousness such as spirit possession or trance healing? |
frequency |
| cred_16 |
To what extent would members of this group wear particular clothes or clothing styles? |
extent |
| cred_17 - 25 |
REPEAT CRED 08 - 16 |
- |
| cred_26 |
What percentage of people in your hometown/city do you think believed in 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明? |
percentage |
| cred_27 |
To what extent did believers in 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 in your hometown demonstrate their beliefs in everyday life? |
extent |
| cred_28 |
How sincere did you feel the believers in 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 in your hometown were in their devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明? |
sincerity |
| cred_29 |
What percentage of people in your high school do you think believed in 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明? |
percentage |
| cred_30 |
To what extent did the believers in 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 in your high school demonstrate their beliefs in everyday life? |
extent |
| cred_31 |
How sincere did you feel the believers in 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明 in your high school were in their devotion to 佛祖、真主, 上帝 或者神明? |
sincerity |
Japan
The question items were as follows:
| cred_01 |
To what extent did your caregivers visit places sacred to kami (e.g. temple, shrines, etc.)? |
extent |
| cred_02 |
To what extent did your caregivers engage in volunteer/charity work associated with their devotion to kami (e.g. help in the preparation for local matsuri)? |
extent |
| cred_03 |
To what extent did your caregivers give financial donations to divine causes (e.g. to temples, shrines, charities, festivals, or spiritual teachers)? |
extent |
| cred_04 |
To what extent did your caregivers make personal sacrifices as part of their devotion to kami (e.g. fasting, abstaining from alcohol, caffeine, spending lots of time preparing for festivals)? |
extent |
| cred_05 |
To what extent did your caregivers perform acts of devotion to kami in the home (e.g. make offerings on kamidana, butsudan, etc.)? |
extent |
| cred_06 |
To what extent do you think their devotion to kami influenced important decisions in their lives (e.g. marriage, divorce, moving, changing jobs, having children, etc.)? |
extent |
| cred_07 |
Did you attend or participate in any groups devoted to kami you were growing up? (e.g. [churches, religious/cultural organisations, camps], etc.) |
yes/no |
| cred_08 |
Please name/describe the first group. |
open |
| cred_09 |
Did this group have leadership figures such as priests, spiritual teachers, imams, head counsellors, gurus, etc.? |
yes/no |
| cred_10 |
How sincere did you feel the leaders of this group were in their devotion to kami? |
sincerity |
| cred_11 |
To what extent did the leaders of this group make personal sacrifices as part of their devotion to kami (e.g. fasting, celibacy, voluntary poverty, withdrawing from society)? |
extent |
| cred_12 |
How sincere did you feel the members of this group were in their devotion to kami? |
sincerity |
| cred_13 |
To what extent did members of this group engage in charitable work together? |
extent |
| cred_14 |
To what extent did members of this group express emotion during group gatherings? |
extent |
| cred_15 |
How often did members of this group appear to be in altered states of consciousness such as spirit possession, trance healing, etc.? |
frequency |
| cred_16 |
To what extent would members of this group wear particular clothes or clothing styles? |
extent |
| cred_17 - 25 |
REPEAT CRED 08 - 16 (replace “first” with “second” from 08. |
- |
| cred_26 |
What percentage of people in your hometown/city do you think believed in kami? |
percentage |
| cred_27 |
To what extent did believers in kami in your hometown demonstrate their beliefs in everyday life? |
extent |
| cred_28 |
How sincere did you feel the believers in kami in your hometown were in their devotion to God ? |
sincerity |
| cred_29 |
What percentage of people in your high school do you think believed in kami? |
percentage |
| cred_30 |
To what extent did the believers in kami in your high school demonstrate their beliefs in everyday life? |
extent |
| cred_31 |
How sincere did you feel the believers in kami in your high school were in their devotion to kami? |
sincerity |
Coding
The above questions had a number of different response options, with no reverse coding:
Frequency
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
| Never |
Very Infrequently |
Infrequently |
Sometimes |
Frequently |
Very Frequently |
Always |
Extent
| To No Extent At All |
|
|
|
|
|
To a Great Extent |
Sincerity
| Completely Insincere |
Very Insincere |
Insincere |
Neutral |
Sincere |
Very Sincere |
Completely Sincere |
Scoring
The following variables are derived from this measure:
| CRED Exposure |
cred |
CRED exposure score |
numeric |
CREDs |
sum of cred_caregiver + cred_group + cred_hometown + cred_highschool* |
| CRED (Caregiver) Exposure |
cred_caregiver |
Caregiver CRED exposure score |
numeric |
CREDs |
sum of cred_01: cred_06* |
| CRED (Group Leader) Exposure |
cred_group_ldr |
Group leader CRED exposure score |
numeric |
CREDs |
cred_11 + cred_20* |
| CRED (Group Member) Exposure |
cred_group_mbr |
Group member CRED exposure score |
numeric |
CREDs |
sum of cred_13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25)* |
| CRED (Group) Exposure |
cred_group |
Group CRED exposure score |
numeric |
CREDs |
sum of cred_group_ldr + cred_group_mbr* |
| CRED (Hometown) Exposure |
cred_hometown |
Hometown CRED exposure score |
ordinal |
CREDs |
cred_28 |
| CRED (High School) Exposure |
cred_highschool |
Highschool CRED exposure score |
ordinal |
CREDs |
cred_30 |
Lanman, J. A., & Buhrmester, M. D. (2017). Religious actions speak louder than words: Exposure to credibility-enhancing displays predicts theism.
Religion, Brain & Behavior,
7(1), 3–16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2015.1117011